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............................................................................................................................. Contents 1 - Introduction 1. The Origins of the Trade Marks Directive 2. Statutory interpretation 3. Community trade mark 4. Madrid Protocol 5. Paris Convention 6. Old authorities 7. Common law 8. Procedure 2 - A "Trade Mark" in EU Trade Mark Law 1. The essential function of a trade mark 2. How to define a trade mark? 3. Does EU law define "trade mark"? 4. Sign 5. Graphical representation 6. Capable of distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings-unravelling the skein 7. "in relation to goods or services" 8. Annex 3 - The Register of Trade Marks and the Trade Marks Branch of the Patent Office 1. The Register 2. The Comptroller or Registrar 3. Division of the Register 4. Entries on the Register 5. Alteration of entries on the Register 6. Inspection of the Register, and obtaining information 7. Procedural matters concerning the Registry 4 - Classification of Goods and Services; Marks Formerly Associated 1. The classes 2. Conversion 3. Marks formerly associated 5 - National Registration of Trade Marks 1. Preliminary 2. Procedure on national application to register 3. Opposition to registration 4. Appeal from the Registrar 6 - Community Trade Mark Procedure 1. The relevant legislation 2. The basic provision governing the registration of CTMs 3. The structure of OHIM 4. Capacity 5. OHIM's language regime 6. Representation 7. Fees 8. Time limits and the consequences of non-compliance 9. Evidence 10. Decisions 11. Appeals 12. Correction of mistakes 13. Communication with OHIM 14. Costs in proceedings before OHIM 15. The CTM application procedure: from filing to publication 16. The opposition procedure 17. Registration 18. Division of a CTM application or registration 19. Renewal 20. Alteration of a CTM 21. Surrender 22. Dealings with CTMs 23. Community collective marks 24. Enforcement of CTMs 25. Cancellation of CTMs by OHIM 26. Conversion 27. Enlargement of the European Union 7 - The Madrid System 1. International registration of trade marks 8 - Absolute Grounds for Refusal of Registration 1. Overview of absolute grounds 2. Distinctive Character 3. Interplay between the grounds in section 3(1) and common principles 4. Section 3(1)(a), Article 3(1)(a), Article 7(1)(a) 5. Section 3(1)(b)/Article (3)(1)(b), Article 7(1)(b) CTMR: non-distinctive marks 6. Section 3(1)(c)/Article 3(1)(c), Article 7(1)(c) CTMR: descriptive marks 7. Section 3(1)(d)/Article 3(1)(d), Article 7(1)(d) CTMR: generic marks 8. Miscellaneous points 9. Shapes - section 3(2) 10. Public policy, deceptive marks 11. Illegal marks - section 3(4) 12. Specially protected emblems - sections 3(5), 4, 57 and 58 13. Bad faith - section 3(6) 9 - Relative Grounds for Refusal of Registration 1. Introduction 2. Conflict with earlier trade marks 3. Conflict with earlier rights 4. Honest concurrent use 10 - Validity and Removal of Trade Marks from the Register 1. Preliminary matters 2. Invalidity 3. Revocation for lack of genuine use 4. Common name in the trade 5. Marks which have become misleading 6. Procedure 7. Surrender 8. Expiry, renewal, removal and restoration 11 - Geographical Indications and Appellations of Origin 1. Introduction 2. Regulation 2081/92 on the Protection of Geographical Indications of Origin for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs 12 - Collective and Certification Marks 1. Generally 2. The Trade Marks Directive 3. Collective marks 4. Certification marks 5. Differences between collective and certification marks 13 - Assignments, Trade Marks as Property Co-Ownership and Licences 1. Outline 2. Assignments 3. Registration of assignments and other transactions 4. Assignments without goodwill 5. Unregistered trade marks 6. Co-ownership 7. Licensing of registered trade marks 8. Stamp duty 14 - The Definition of Infringement 1. Preliminary 2. National registered trade marks 3. Further rights conferred by the 1994 Act 4. Community trade marks 15 - The Action for Passing off 1. Foundation and nature of the action 2. The limits of passing off 3. Goodwill 4. Direct misrepresentation as to business or goods 5. Imitations of trade or service mark 6. Trading names 7. Imitation of get-up 8. Proof of likelihood of deception 9. Defences 16 - Limitations on Enforcement and Exploitation 1. Introduction 2. Section 12/Article 17 in the hierarchy of EU law 3. The development and application of "exhaustion of rights" 4. Repackaging, relabelling and rebranding 5. Parallel imports into the EEA 6. The Dior Problem 7. Competition laws of the EU and the United Kingdom 8. Articles 81 and 82 9. Competition Act 1998 10. Trade marks and restraint of trade 17 - Assessing the Degree of Resemblance or Similarity Between Marks or Get-Up 1. Outline, the tests, and onus 2. Persons to be considered 3. Rules of comparison 4. Evidence - general considerations 5. "Survey" evidence and other evidence from consumers 18 - Trade Libel and Threats 1. Outline of chapter 2. Trade libel generally 3. "Puffery" not actionable; rival traders 4. Construing the statement, and falsity 5. Malice 6. Proceedings 7. Misleading reports of proceedings 8. Threats 19 - Civil Proceedings for Trade Mark Infringement and Passing off 1. Scope of chapter 2. Statutory action for infringement 3. The claimant's title - infringement of registered marks 4. Commencement of passing off or infringement action 5. Service out of the jurisdiction 6. Jurisdiction over foreign trade marks 7. Vicarious and joint liability 8. The relief granted 9. Final injunctions 10. Interim injunctions 11. Enforcement and breaches of injunctions 12. Erasure, destruction, delivery up 13. Financial remedies - damages and accounts of profits 14. Costs 15. Appeal 16. Practice and evidence 20 - Criminal Proceedings 1. Outline 2. Offences involving unauthorised use 3. Offences of unauthorised use - procedure 4. Falsifying the register 5. Falsely representing a mark as registered 6. Forfeiture of counterfeit goods and the like 7. Misuse of Royal arms, devices, emblems and tiles 8. Offences by partnerships and bodies corporate 21 - Customs Powers and Procedures 1. Scope of chapter 2. Legislation making up the domestic regime 3. Legislation making up the community regime 4. Interaction of the two regimes 5. "Counterfeit goods" 6. Procedure in relation to goods seized by Customs 7. Condemnation proceedings 8. Prospective powers under the European regime 9. Power of the Commissioners to disclose information 22 - Merchandising And Trade Marks 1. Registered Trade Marks 23 - The Internet 1. Mechanics 2. Disputes over domain name registrations 3. Jurisdiction and infringement 4. Metatags and "invisible use" 24 - Miscellaneous 1. Company and business names 2. Human rights and trade marks Appendices Part I - Key Statutes Part II - Registry Materials Part III - General European Materials Part IV - CTM Materials Part V - Other European Materials Part VI - Madrid International Protocols Part VII - Other International Materials Part VIII - Customs Materials Part IX - Procedurals Materials Part X - Other Index ............................................................................................................................. Author Details Fourteenth Edition by David Kitchin, One of Her Majesty’s Counsel, 8 New Square David LLewelyn, Solicitor, Partner, White & Case, London James Mellor, Barrister, 8 New Square Richard Meade, Barrister, 8 New Square Thomas Moody-Stuart, Barrister, 8 New Square David Keeling, Member, second Board of Appeal, OHIM .............................................................................................................................
